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Research Approaches
Creswell and Creswell (2018) describe three primary research approaches: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. Each approach has a different worldview that informs the researcher's methodology, data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
Qualitative Approach
The qualitative approach seeks to understand the subjective meanings, experiences, and perspectives of people through the collection and analysis of non-numerical data. The worldview associated with qualitative research is often considered constructivism or interpretivism, which recognizes the role of the researcher's interpretation and subjectivity in shaping research outcomes. The constructivist worldview asserts that reality is created by individuals through their experiences and perceptions. Qualitative research typically is exploratory and seeks to understand the meaning behind human behavior and experience. It involves collecting data through open-ended interviews, observations, and document analysis. In qualitative research, the researcher usually works closely with participants in their natural setting to gather data through these methods. Examples of qualitative research designs include ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case studies (Creswell & Creswell, 2018).
Phenomenology aims to explore the essence of a particular phenomenon through in-depth interviews with participants. Grounded theory seeks to develop theories based on the data collected, using an iterative process of data collection and analysis. Ethnography aims to understand a particular culture or social group by immersing the researcher in the group and observing and participating in their activities.
Quantitative Approach
The quantitative approach aims to measure and quantify variables through the collection and analysis of numerical data. The worldview associated with quantitative research is positivism, which assumes an objective reality that can be measured and tested through the scientific method. This approach often involves large samples of participants and the use of statistical analyses to test hypotheses. Examples of quantitative research designs include experimental, correlational, and survey research (Bloomfield & Fisher, 2019).
Examples of quantitative research designs include experimental research, correlational research, and survey research. Experimental research involves manipulating an independent...…collect quantitative data, and would use statistical analysis to identify patterns or relationships in the data. The researcher would also use interviews or focus groups to gather qualitative data, and would use a comparison matrix to compare the quantitative and qualitative findings.
In conclusion, research approaches can be broadly classified into three categories: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Each approach has a different worldview and set of procedures for conducting research. Qualitative research seeks to understand the meaning behind human behavior and experience, while quantitative research seeks to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. Mixed methods research combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a research question. Different research designs, such as phenomenology, experimental design, and sequential transformative design, require different procedures based on the research approach used. In selecting an appropriate research approach and design, researchers can ensure that their study is conducted in a rigorous and systematic manner, and…
References
Bloomfield, J., & Fisher, M. J. (2019). Quantitative research design. Journal of the AustralasianRehabilitation Nurses Association, 22(2), 27-30.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, and mixed methodsapproaches. Sage publications.
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