Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology
In Human Nature and Conduct, John Dewey propounds the theory that all human conduct is the outcome of an interaction between elements of human nature and the environment, both natural and social (Dewey, p. 10). Based on this premise, Dewey advocates that the study of morals or ethics shift its ground from a transcendental realm to one where the discipline of social psychology is used to intelligently reengineer the environment so that ethical behavior is habitually encouraged. Thus, Dewey defines the moral problem as that of "modifying the factors which now influence future results. To change the working character or will of another we have to alter objective conditions which enter into his habits." (p. 18) Personally, I agree with Dewey's philosophy because its construct makes the achievement of an ethical world seem more real and less utopian.
The subject of morals or ethics concerns itself with refining human nature, which it has historically attempted to do by the promise that the good and the righteous will be rewarded. However, too often, this promise fails to materialize in a world where "a Socrates is seen to drink the hemlock of the criminal, and where the vicious are seen to occupy the seats of the mighty."(p. 50) Thus, like Dewey, I have often felt that the real world pays lip service to a morality that it all too frequently fails to practice. This state of affairs. I believe, acts as a disincentive to ethical behavior as any human individual will always be, first and foremost, concerned with his or her own survival and earthly interests. As against this, if it were possible to create a social environment, which focused on rewarding ethical behavior, it would encourage more and more people...
Thus, I tend to agree with Dewey that unless the
integrity of morals with human nature and the environment is recognized (p. 13), no amount of preaching good will or the importance of virtue will accomplish the results (p. 22).
In fact, Dewey's philosophical model is substantiated by society's current preoccupation with the question of
ethical standards in
business, and the discontinuity between occupational and ordinary morality. This question has arisen primarily because
organizational behavior has resulted, from time to time, in creating and perpetuating social injustices such as failing to safeguard the interests of shareholders, employees, consumers, and the less advantaged sections of society. Thus, it is apparent that an important facet of the environment does not live up to one of the primary norms of morality, which is to avoid causing harm to another. Indeed, this fact is evident in the recent scandals that have swept corporate America, leading to the closure of blue chip companies such as Enron and Arthur Anderson.
When such incidents happen, it affects society and individual ethical behavior in two pertinent ways. One, it results in
social injustice since such unethical behavior leads to both investor losses and
employees losing their livelihood. Two, and more important, it sends conflicting signals about the question of ethics as different measures are used to judge and punish white collar crimes on the grounds that individuals cannot be held entirely accountable for the actions of an institution, as they were merely doing their jobs or following instructions. The point here is that a differentiation between
personal and
professional ethics can lead to the violation of ordinary ethics becoming more of a habit, particularly since an individual spends the maximum number of waking hours in a
business environment. Thus, it is evident that Dewey's contention that the social environment, in all its facets, must
play an important role in inculcating habitual moral behavior is…
