How it Promotes Sexual Violence

English Comp How Pornography Promotes Sexual Violence Against Women Pornography, like rape, is a male invention, designed to dehumanize women, to reduce the female to an object of sexual access, not to free sensuality from moralistic or parental inhibition... Pornography is the undiluted essence of anti-female propaganda. Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape Defining and regulating pornography has been a difficult task for the United States where free speech is protected under the First Amendment of the U.S.

Constitution and is the backbone of what defines us as a free society. Webster's Dictionary defines pornography as: writings, pictures, etc. intended primarily to arouse sexual desire. (Neufeldt et al.) Though different people may argue over the definitions and reasons for pornography "the producers, sellers, and consumers of pornography have a clear understanding of its meaning.

For them it is a written or visual product showing sexual anatomy and/or sexual activity designed to promote sexual arousal." (McCuen) But does pornography in and of itself promote sexual violence against women? There is no doubt that through the ages many men have sought and attained sexual access through violent action or the threat of such action. No national culture has been without rape.

The forcible sexual assault of strangers, associates, friends and relatives alike has been a universal occurrence throughout the history of mankind, and it has remained so in contemporary society. "Regardless of the particular evaluation of rape and quasi-rape in terms of social unacceptability and pathology, however, sexual access through the use of physical force undoubtedly constitutes a domain of behavior in which pornography and sexual aggression appear to be intimately linked." (Berger et al.) Pornography depicts women in a negative light.

In most pornographic films, the women are not particular about who their sexual partners are. There seem to be no boundaries for the women in these films. "Nonviolent erotica portrayed sexual behaviors free of objectionable elements. As part of the material was taken from sex-education and sex-therapy programs, the depicted behavior could be deemed ideal, if not idealized. Nonviolent pornography entailed scenes such as a man sitting atop a woman, masturbating, and ejaculating into her face.

Sexually violent pornography, finally, featured events such as the penetration of a screaming woman with an oversize plastic penis while she was strapped to a table, with cheering men surrounding her. Violent and sexual actions thus were directly linked, and the violent action was nonfictional." (Zillmann et al.) Pornography depicts realistic sexual behaviors and displays them in a fantasy like setting where the women never say no and the police are never called.

Therefore, male viewers of pornographic films may tend to de-humanize women and think of them more as objects of sexual pleasure than as human beings. And this de-humanization does not only occur in men who watch violent pornography, "Exposure to pornography was found to influence both the self-acknowledged likelihood of coercing women into unwanted sexual acts and the self-acknowledged likelihood of committing rape.

Compared against the control group, the likelihood of forced sexual acts showed a significant increase only after consumption of commonly available nonviolent pornography" (Zillmann et al.) These findings obviously challenge the claims by advocates of non-violent pornography that women-victimizing violent actions must be displayed within erotica in order to facilitated men's sexual indifference toward women.

With regard to men's apparent willingness to prod women into sexual acts against their will, the consequence of exposure to pornography lacking force was actually stronger than that of exposure to violent, abusive pornography and "regarding self-acknowledged rape proclivity, the effect of violent pornography in no way exceeded that of nonviolent erotic fare.

Exposure to heterosexual activities in which women seem socially nondiscriminating, eager participants thus appears to give men a notion of being entitled to similarly easy sexual access to women (a notion that might define the crux of men's sexual callousness). It may be speculated that this notion is also conveyed by sexually nonexplicit dramatic expositions, and that such expositions therefore may have similar effects on men's callousness toward women.

This is to say that the discussed callousness effects of pornography exposure may not be limited to that genre and may, in fact, accrue to all displays of, and even reports about, strong and socially unrestrained female libido." (Zillmann et al.) Whatever set of factors may ultimately account for men's sexual indifference toward women, violence within pornography does seem to be a particularly powerful contributor.

What is important to realize is that sexual dehumanization of women, irrespective of its specific developmental origin "must be seen as a nontransitory disposition that influences and potentially controls the acceptance of aggressive actions toward and within sexual engagements. It may invite and possibly demand this involvement of aggressive actions. (Sexual dehumanization of women) thus defines a condition that makes the involvement of aggressive actions in sexual ventures likely.

This makes it likely, in turn, that the conditions for excitation transfer from aggressive to sexual activities (and from sexual to aggressive activities) will be engendered more frequently by callous than by non-callous men," (Allen et al.) and men who are inclined to dehumanize women also tend to view pornographic films on a more regular basis.

With regard to prolonged exposure to pornography it is important to make clear that men who are avid watchers of common or non-violent pornography eventually express no interest in this common or non-violent form of pornography. These men tend to desire viewing pornography that depicts less common, deviant or violent sexual practices.

These findings demonstrate that consumers of less violent forms of pornography are not likely to limit themselves to these forms when given the opportunity to view pornographic materials that show less common sexual practices, including sadomasochistic and violent sexual behaviors. "This shift in preference may, at least in part, reflect satisfied curiosity about common sexuality. More importantly, however, this shift may be expected on the basis of excitatory habituation to frequently consumed fare." (Palczewski) Pornography that presents the familiar is visually unexciting and becomes boring after prolonged viewing.

In contrast, pornography that features less-common and uncommon sexuality is still exciting to most male viewers and as its acceptance grows, it is more enjoyable because it is more exciting. The relationship of pornography to violence is one aspect of the wider problem of pornography and violence. Violence flourishes in a climate of contempt for others rather than reverence of people and their rights and feelings.

One of the inconsistencies of the twentieth century has been the increased sense of caring for one another and the equal increase in the indifference to the rights of others. "The same age that has given birth to the Welfare State has spawned the concentration camp. The modern world is full of the evidence that man is both his brother's keeper and his brother's killer.

What can be regarded as specially hopeful is that the idea of mutual care rather than 'each for himself' has gained a foothold as never before on the doorstep of the conscience of the ordinary man. It is no cynicism to reflect that Disraeli would have regarded the present Conservative party as dangerous radicals flirting with socialism, and that far from seeking to nationalize the Welfare State he would have desired to abolish it. A great amount of water has flowed under the bridges since the days of Disraeli.

Some may attribute this change in attitude to the quite utilitarian proposition that in the life of today you either hang together or you hang separately.

Others would put the reasons for the change at a much higher level -- nothing less than the reflection that this world has been reduced to the size of a neighborhood, and every decent person ought to do his best to invest the world with the quality of a neighborhood." (Rolph) Proponents of pornography feel that pornography does not de-humanize women any more than it dehumanizes men and that it does not contribute to sexually violent behavior against women.

"What interests me is not whether pornography should be censored but whether one can object to it on moral grounds. The only moral ground I consider is whether pornography degrades people; obviously, other possible grounds exist, but I find this one to be the most plausible. Of the many kinds of degradation and exploitation possible in the production of pornography, I focus only on the content of the pornographic work.

I exclude from this discussion (i) the ways in which pornographic film makers might exploit people in making a film, distributing it, and charging too much to see it; (ii) the likelihood that actors, actresses, or technicians will be exploited, underpaid, or made to lose self-respect or self-esteem; and (iii) the exploitation and degradation surrounding the prostitution and crime that often accompany urban centers of pornography. I want to determine whether pornography shows (expresses) and commends behavior or attitudes that exploit or degrade people.

For example, if a pornographic film conveys that raping a woman is acceptable, then the content is degrading to women and might be called morally objectionable. Morally objectionable content is not peculiar to pornography; it can also be found in non-pornographic books, films, advertisements, and so on. The question is whether morally objectionable content is necessary to pornography." (Copp et al.) So can an argument be made that pornography does not increase sexual violence against women? Most who feel that there is a direct link think this is preposterous.

"The analysis of the estimates of the usage of sexual practices revealed that massively exposed (male) subjects grossly overestimated the popularity of sadomasochistic activities. Moreover, massively exposed men were more approving and supportive of pornography than were others. Such findings can be taken as suggesting that, along with all other elements of pornography, the exhibition of sexual-aggressive behaviors becomes more acceptable with excitatory habituation occasioned by massive exposure." (Zillmann et al.) The findings regarding rape make this argument even more compellingly.

Massively exposed male subjects sanctioned far less severe punishment for rape than did control subjects who were not exposed to pornography. Massive exposure to erotic materials (i.e., materials that were actually devoid of sexual coercion and other sexual-aggressive activities) trivialized rape as a criminal offense. "Irrespective of excitatory habituation and diminished transfer facilitation, then, aggression against women seems to be promoted by rather persistent perceptual and dispositional changes from massive exposure to erotica. Data collected at the end of the final session from the male subjects confirm this generalization.

The men who had been massively exposed to erotica had become highly callous toward women. As measured on a sex-callousness scale developed by Mosher (1971), massively exposed males exhibited significantly greater sexual callousness than did males in the control condition. The focal point of such callousness is, of course, the sexual conquest of the female at seemingly any cost and without regard for the woman's welfare.

As a behavioral disposition, sexual callousness undoubtedly promotes the sexual harassment of women." (Zillmann et al.) But whether it can ever grow to a point where it becomes the driving force in the transgressive, violent seeking of sexual access may be questioned. If men's self-disclosed proclivity for rape is any indication, a large proportion of young men seem heartless enough to contemplate rape occasionally and to shy away from the commission of sexual assaults only for fear of going to jail.

Conservatively speaking, however, sexually callous men are likely to do whatever they think they can get away with, they are likely to resort to means of coercion whenever persuasion fails.

"And to the extent that massive exposure to pornography, as has been demonstrated, fosters lasting dispositions of sexual callousness, such exposure can be considered to promote hostile behavior in the long run."(Allen et al.) What laws have been passed to diminish the effects that pornography has on influencing men to commit acts of sexual violence on women? Because of the 1st Amendment, there isn't much that can be legislated in this area.

Since its creation in 1791, the Supreme Court has exercised its judicial power to settle all Constitutional controversies arising in the Federal Courts and all Constitutional questions arising in the State Courts. The suppression by federal and state agents of what they feel to be obscene and/or pornographic vs. The First Amendment's Free Speech and Free Press protections is a huge Constitutional conundrum.

According to the book Utterly Without Redeeming Social Value: Obscenity and Pornography Decision of the United States Supreme Court, the law has had a tough time even defining what even constitutes obscene or pornographic material.

In 1712, the Massachusetts Bay Colony enacted America's first obscenity and pornography law, making it a crime to publish anything judged by their courts to be "filthy." Prior to 1933 American courts, by applying Victorian England's Isolated Passage Test, found works to be obscene if they contained "any isolated passage that tended to deprave or corrupt upon those whose susceptible minds were open to immoral influences." In 1933 a Federal District Court, applying the Impure Thoughts Test, found works to be obscene if the "tended to stir the sex impulses or lead to sexually impure and lustful thoughts." In 1957 the Supreme Court, by applying the Roth Test, found works to be obscene if "to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material, taken as a whole, appeals to prurient interests." In 1966 the Supreme Court, applying the Fanny Hill Test, found works to be obscene if "they appealed to prurient interest in sex, were patently offensive to community standards relating to sex, and were utterly without redeeming social value." Finally in 1973, the Supreme Court, by applying the Miller Test, found works to be obscene if "the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest; and whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law; and whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value." (Harrison et al.) Some of the most recent Supreme Court cases that have been decided include: National Endowment for the Arts v.

Finley (publicly funded "pornographic" art) The First Amendment protects artists' rights to express themselves as indecently and disrespectfully as they like, but does not compel the Government to fund that speech (1998) Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (the indecent Internet) We presume that governmental regulation of the Internet is more likely to interfere with the free exchange of ideas than to encourage it. The interest in encouraging freedom of expression in a democratic society outweighs any theoretical but unproven benefit of censorship (1997) Denver Telecommunications v.

FCC (X-rated cable broadcasts) The Government may directly regulate speech to address extraordinary problems, when its regulations are appropriately tailored to resolve those problems without imposing an unnecessarily great restriction on speech (1996) Barnes v. Glen Theatre (nude dancing for entertainment) Nude dancing performed for entertainment is expression protected by the First Amendment. (Indiana's) public indecency statue was an improper infringement of that expressive activity because its purpose was to prevent the message of the eroticism and sexuality conveyed by the dancers (1991) Island Trees Schools v.

Pico ("filthy" library books) The school board characterized the removed books as "anti-American, anti-Christian, anti-Semitic, and just plain filthy," and concluded that "it is our duty, our moral obligation, to protect the children in our school from this moral danger as surely as from physical and medical dangers." (1982) FCC v.

Pacifica Foundation (offensive language on the radio) To say that one may avoid further offense by turning off the radio when he hears indecent language is like saying that the remedy for an assault is to run away after the first blow. (1978) Miller v. California (sexually explicit mail) It is neither realistic nor constitutionally sound to read the First Amendment as requiring that the people of Maine or Mississippi accept public depiction of conduct found tolerable in Las Vegas or New York City.

People in different States vary in theory tastes and attitudes, and this diversity is not to be strangled by the absolutism of imposed uniformity.

(1973) If we can assume that both sexual and aggressive responses are well established in the mature adult male and are likely to constitute strong, dominant habits, it may be expected that the codependence between violence and pornography is not merely one of mutual intensification, but one of mutual elicitation as well." (Berger et al.) Much theorizing on the pornography-sexual aggression connection in humans has taken its impetus from Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion.

"This theory emphasizes the cognitive appraisal of sensory feedback from excitatory reactions." (Copp et al.) Pornography not only influences the perception of women's sexuality in ways conducive to sexual indifference concerning access, they also must take credit for promoting the idea that gratifying events are so because they are exciting. In other words, that great excitement is a necessary condition for great gratification. (Baird et al.) The merits of excitement maximization have become part of public consciousness.

A universal desire to partake in the excitement-promising action appears to have followed such consciousness raising. In the United States, excitement seeking has become an obsession for most of us. Excitement is sought in scary and often dangerous entertainment such as roller coaster riding, car racing, rock climbing, extreme skiing, hang-gliding, elevator-hopping and Bungee jumping. Adolescent "wilding" with or without the help of experience-enhancing drugs, is on the rise.