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Public school education in 1850 enabled the spread of learning writing, reading and arithmetic for a population that had previously been skilled and semiskilled workers. History at one point in educational history became a required course to help encourage ideas such as patriotism (Henretta). Among the other subjects emphasized during the 1800's were likely topics such as loyalty oaths and obedience in an effort to discipline children enrolled in public schools and increase American feelings of democracy and freedom. Of relevance to our studies are the population demographics of public schools during 1850. A pattern is very apparent related to the number of students actually enrolled in public schools during this time compared with total population. This pattern is reflective of the geographical and social setting of the states during 1850.
Massachusetts, Maine, Pennsylvania, Ohio and New York had the highest percentage of pupils enrolled in public schools during 1850 (Census, 1850). They also had the largest number of public schools. The fewest? Minnesota, California, . Compared to the total population of the states, the following states had the highest percentage of pupils enrolled compared to total population in the state: Maine, Michigan, New Hampshire, Ohio, Connecticut, New Jersey, Vermont and New York also had higher percentages of pupils enrolled (Census, 1850). What is more telling that the highest percentages of pupils enrolled however, is examination of the states with the lowest percentage of students enrolled.
Across the board the text reveals that almost all southern states, Whether as little south as Virginia to as far south as Georgia and Florida, and inclusive of states such as Arkansas, Tennessee and Texas, the fewest percentages of pupils were enrolled in public schools. To understand this one must examine the economy of the era of 1850. It must be noted that the largest percentage of enrolled students was noted in northern New England states during the time. It was in these states that the "hubbub" of modern day society was occurring.
Big business and prosperity was being formed. It was important for children to obtain an education as a means of finding gainful and meaningful employment. Many factories were filled with workers (Henretta). New England may be considered the "land of opportunity" during the time. Unskilled and semi-skilled workers and immigrants had traveled far in the hopes of obtaining a better life. Education provided a means to do so.
In the South, people were still struggling with issues of slavery and plantations. People were primarily agriculturists and farmers living off of the land. Many children lived on plantations and…
The Henretta text often refers to this time in American history as somewhat romanticized. Many writers became well-known, their stories a means for citizens to escape a mundane life. The expanding country was becoming slowly more urbanized and industrialized, but it was evidently a pattern that was occurring from the top down, and from east to west. The southern states would slowly catch up to the New England States, as would the West slowly become as populous and crowded as the East Coast. But during 1850 at least, the gap existed between a more urban setting and the still more rural south, which likely acted as the largest contributor to the population demographics of public schools during 1850. Likewise, the population of students enrolled in public schools would increase in the west as America expanded and spread its wings.
Primary Source: Henretta, James. "America, a Concise History." 2nd Edition, Bedford: St. Martins Press
Historical Census Data for 1850 http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/censusbin/census/cen.pl?year=850 http://www.ekkane.org/sawin/raisng1.htm
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