This dissatisfaction with communism as practiced Soviet style was now being openly criticized, even in the Russian Republic, the so-called "homeland of communism." Extreme vocal critiques came first from the outlying republics and the ethnic minorities, many of who had been living in a tradition of autocracy for centuries. Gorbachev's message of change and openness, despite the appeal in the West, stripped the Soviet Union of structure, and right-wing conservative communists tried to topple his regime in August of 1991. This caused Soviet Russians, fed up with communism, to openly protest; a few months later the party.
Chapter: 9 Socioeconmics
The European Union
Citation: Chanona, A. (2003). "A Comparative Perspective Between the European Union
And NAFTA." Miami European Union Center -- University of Miami.
URL: http://www6.miami.edu/EUCenter/chanonafinal.pdf
Tags: Political innovation, political/social upheaval, modernism in Europe
Summation: -- Since World War II, many European scholars and politicians realized that not only was war between them a proven economic and political disaster (e.g. over the past several centuries), a lack of exploration into economic and cultural areas of commonality kept individuals from realizing their true potential. Looking at the areas reasonably then, the movement to regionalize and allow a single currency unlocks travel restrictions, and open up trade between the 500 million European citizens seemed the only reasonable action
Chapter: 9 Socioeconmics
NAFTA
Citation: Griswold, D. (2002). "NAFTA at 10: An Economic and Foreign Policy Success."
Center for Trade Policy Studies.
URL:: http://www6.miami.edu/EUCenter/chanonafinal.pdf
Tags: Political innovation, modern trade agreements, modern economics
Summation: NAFTA is the most significant attempt at regional economic integration. An agreement between the United States and Canada to enter into a free trade agreement took place January 1, 1989 with the goal of eliminating all tariffs between the two countries by 1998. In 1991, talks included Mexico to establish free trade amongst all three countries. By late 1993, the government of all three countries had ratified the agreement. Since 1994, NAFTA has positively impacted trade and economic issues in Mexico, Canada, and the United States; with other Central and Latin American countries receiving peripheral benefits and inquiring about full membership. The agricultural industries in particular have shown positive benefit, with exports in each country increasing -- and in Mexico to its highest levels ever. Since NAFTA, Mexico is Canada's sixth-largest export destination and moved Mexico into the top 10 world exporters.
Chapter: 10 Agricultural Mechanization
The European Union
Citation: Agricultural Mechanization. (2006). Oklahoma Historical Society.
URL: http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/A/AG005.html
Tags: modern farming, agricultural innovation, agricultural inventions
Summation: -- Pre-20th century farming was labor intensive, food spoiled, and much of the land remained unusable for agriculture. With the innovation of mechanization, irrigation, advances in fertilization and crop control, farmers could now produce larger and larger yields with fewer people. This allowed farming to become a larger business and more and more exports to be placed on the open market.
Chapter: 10 Agricultural
Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
Citation: Ross, D. (2005). Air Condition and Refrigeration.
URL: http://www.greatachievements.org/?id=3867
Tags: refrigeration, farming, food production, modern food production, storage
Summation: -- Refrigeration allowed products to be shipped to further destinations and remain fresh. This encouraged trade and also opened up new markets for agricultural goods. Taking air-conditioning into the offices allowed for buildings to be taller and house more people. Working was far more comfortable, but also had a major impact on architectural design and building materials. The systems-related design profession also recognizes that it must respond to environmental and "green" building concerns. These include, but are not limited to, energy conservation as an end in itself, indoor air quality, sustainable design considerations, and new technology that will better address the global environment of both the present and the future.
Chapter: 10 Agricultural
Household Appliances
Citation: Schmitt, R. (2005). Household Appliances.
URL: http://www.greatachievements.org/?id=3781
Tags: Political innovation, political/social upheaval, modernism in Europe
Summation: The high tech of household appliances is a lot more than "under-the-hood" electronics. New and improved materials enable designs of convenience and efficiency. High performance plastics, especially, allow us to build style as well as functionality into our appliances. Household appliance engineers have just as rich an array of "high technologies" to feed their inventive minds as any other engineers. Innovation continues: cooking food to perfection up to eight times faster than with conventional ovens, using light. Washers and dryers that "talk" to each other, letting the dryer know what's coming, improving clothes care and saving time. Foods may be kept fresher, dishes more complicated. Yet, in contrast with this improvement, due to modern societal issues, people eat out even more.
Chapter: 11 Knowledge
Health Technologies
Citation: Greatbatch, W. (2005). Health Technologies.
URL: http://www.greatachievements.org/?id=3839
Tags: modern...
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